Peace as a Human Right
The massive violations of human rights during world war II and the desire and need for peace were at the origin of the Council of Europe.
A culture of human rights is a pre-condition to achieve a state of peace in any country of the world. The right to peace belongs to the third generation of human rights or so-called solidarity rights.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco) is the leading institution that has been active in promoting this right. Indeed, in 1994, Federico Mayor, the then Director-General of Unesco, launched an international appeal for the establishment of a right to peace. In 1997, a proposal for a declaration presenting peace as a human right was submitted to the Unesco General Conference . The proposal was rejected, but the right to peace is still on the United Nations agenda. The Commission on Human Rights in early 2001 adopted a Resolution on the Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace.
A culture of human rights is a pre-condition to achieve a state of peace in any country of the world. The right to peace belongs to the third generation of human rights or so-called solidarity rights.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco) is the leading institution that has been active in promoting this right. Indeed, in 1994, Federico Mayor, the then Director-General of Unesco, launched an international appeal for the establishment of a right to peace. In 1997, a proposal for a declaration presenting peace as a human right was submitted to the Unesco General Conference . The proposal was rejected, but the right to peace is still on the United Nations agenda. The Commission on Human Rights in early 2001 adopted a Resolution on the Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace.
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THE HUMAN RIGHT TO PEACE
by Douglas Roche
The following is what I highlighted during my read of this excellent book -- I recommend it at the top of my Top-ten List of Peace resources. My purpose in providing them is to interest you, the reader, and hope that you will obtain and read the complete work. To properly understand the highlights, you need to read the book to put them in the proper context. The 260 page book can be ordered for $24.95 from Novalis, 49 Front Street, 2nd Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada M5E 1B3; telephone 1-877-702-7773 or (416) 363-3303; email cservice@novalis.ca ; web site http://www.novalis.ca/ ; ISBN 2-89507-409-7 (2003). This books is "Everything You Wanted To Know About Building Peace". It describes the current Culture of War, the coming Culture of Peace, and Changing Our Attitude to make the changes necessary. Most important, the book is written by a highly respected Senator of the Government of Canada and it pulls no punches.
You will also be interested to read a short Book Review of The Human Right to Peace by Canadian peace educator Dr. Larry Fisk, PhD. Bob Stewart THE HUMAN RIGHT TO PEACE by Douglas Roche Introduction: Moving to Creativity - though these world problems are rooted in a host of factors, none can be resolved adequately unless we end the dominance of the culture of war - war comes out of our culture -- the way we are socialized to interact with one another - hatred exploits the brutalities of the poverty, oppression, power and greed of modern society. The powerful need to understand about the causes of that hatred ... addressing the great injustices... - an immense double standard prevails: in one breath, governments plead an inability to fund social and environmental needs, and in the next breath, they appropriate huge sums to prepare and execute warfare - starving peace processes - action is urgently needed. The goal must be to build a world system that will make war extinct. - we must do to ensure our very survival - core values of respect for life, liberty, justice, and equity; a mutual respect; and personal integrity - People's Millennium Forum - One shows the creativity of humanity; the other its destructiveness. To move to creativity, we must shine a light on world conditions. Only then can we appreciate how we must change our attitudes toward war and peace. - we must build a just world if humanity is to survive Part 1: The Culture of War 1. Violence as a Way of Life - the major states, the most profligate, are never named because they control the agenda of international meetings where UN documents are presented - the "military-industrial complex" - insatiable demands - fear-mongering - violent conflict has often resulted from the traditional preoccupation of governments to defend, maintain, or extend their interests and power - when long-standing grievances are exploited by political demagogues, the scene is set for violence - factors: (1) a lack of democratic processes and unequal access to power; social inequality marked by grossly unequal distribution of, and access to, resources; (2) control by a single national group of valuable natural resources, such as gems, oil, timber and drugs; (3) rapid demographic change that outstrips the capacity of the state to provide essential services and job opportunities; (4) the availability of weapons - requires a belief that power can be obtained or maintained by violence - CNN chairman Walter Isaacson sent a memo to his staff ordering them to "balance" reports of civilian destruction in Afghanistan with reminders that the Taliban had harboured terrorists - the scale of human suffering in Afghanistan has given the lie to Western claims of beneficence - U.S. forces openly boasted (the 1991 Iraq retreat) was a "turkey shoot" - President (George W.) Bush told the American people: "The UN Security Council has not lived up to its responsibilities." That statement -- the ultimate justification for going to war (with Iraq in 2003) -- could not have been more wrong. - regime change - the strategy of containment - new U.S. doctrine of pre-emptive attack - resentment - gullible public ... manipulated by government propaganda - in this moral teaching (i.e. just war), legitimate self-defence is allowed "once every means of peaceful settlement has been exhausted." - only the Security Council can authorize war - the veto power possessed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council ... keeps the Security Council from enforcing its resolutions; the major powers will not let it have a standing force capable of rapid deployment to zones of conflict - if the UN legal machinery is deliberately kept weak, then the very states that are keeping it weak cannot legitimately claim a just right to make war when there is a crisis - The Responsibility to Protect - the claim that serious disputes cannot be resolved without warfare rings hollow in the modern age, which has at its disposal a wide array of UN tools. If states will not put themselves under the purview of the UN in resolving conflict, that is a sad reflection of their own obduracy. Chapter 2. The Effect of Militarism on a Fragile Planet - Agenda 21, a detailed blueprint of 115 programs to address the many strands of sustainable development - sustainable development needs of the twenty-first century - in effect, a global partnership was envisaged to build a more efficient and equitable world economy - devastating assessment of life on the planet - accused governments, and their self-interested "business as usual" policies - what is holding back humanity from achieving equitable development for all the world's peoples? - four pillars of human security: peace, development, equity and justice - if the gulf between the two worlds is not bridged, turbulence and ever more violent storms lie ahead - wealth built on power .. power is built on militarism - are the permanent members responsible for all of the world's ills? - there is a dominant characteristic: the legitimate aspirations of humanity are constantly being dashed by power structures underpinned by a war culture - security ... demands both disarmament and development: Security consists of not only military, but also political, economic, social, humanitarian and human rights and ecological aspects - no nation should spend more on its military than on the education and health of its people - a global fund for human security - more instability and chaos in the years ahead - fresh water, the foremost requirement for life, is becoming scarce and will be the source of increasing conflicts in the future - attacks to gain access to resources must be declared as a crime on humanity - St. Lucia ... had set a high standard to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy, but that "the World Bank asks us to privatize our water, electricity and telephone services. On the one hand, we have to privatize, but when we attempt to put our policy of renewable energy into action, the multinationals frustrate every effort we make, as they are only interested in the rate of return." - current atmospheric carbon dioxide is at its highest level in 420,000 years - the misguided priorities of governments, which rush to feed the culture of war while skimping on programs to build human security in a suffering and fragile world, are outrageous and tragic Chapter 3. The Massive Lie of Nuclear Weapons - The culture of war is built upon the enormous lie that weapons bring security - any use of nuclear weapons today would constitute a criminal act - a crime against humanity - the very idea of nuclear weapons is to kill massively - such descriptions of the overwhelming effects of nuclear weapons are not found in the general political and military literature - the proposition that nuclear weapons can be retained in perpetuity and never used - accidentally or by decision - defies credibility. The only complete defence is the elimination of nuclear weapons and assurance that they will never be produced again. - the responsibility for the looming prospect of a nuclear war of some dimension can be laid squarely on the U.S., Russia, the U.K, France and China - the breakdown of the Non-Proliferation Treaty - the U.S. turned its back on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - nuclear weapons are the currency of power - subterfuge that has characterized the nuclear disarmament agenda for more than three decades - irreversibility - verification - sleight-of-hand nuclear disarmament - they treat nuclear disarmament as a game - "Not a single person of the many hundreds I have polled voiced the belief that the true intention of the United States is, or ever has been, to abolish nuclear weapons. ... the prospect of nuclear abolition is deemed so remote as to be implausible." Bruce Blair - the other nuclear states are just as devious - the nuclear weapons states hold the major responsibility for setting up legal regimes to ensure the elimination of all nuclear weapons - the United States is in the dominant position of deciding which way the world will go on nuclear weapons: toward permanence or toward elimination - it is futile to speak of nuclear disarmament without focusing intensely on the role of the U.S. - startling new doctrine of pre-emptive attack, first used against Iraq in 2003 - international law does not countenance pre-emptive attacks in self-defence unless there is compelling evidence of an imminent attack - its nuclear weapons stockpile remains a cornerstone of U.S. national security policy - the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review says that there are four reasons to possess nuclear weapons: to "assure allies and friends, dissuade competitors, deter aggressors, and defeat enemies" - astounding that, in the light of this development, the U.S. representative at the 2003 Geneva meeting of the parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty declared: "We are not developing new nuclear weapons." - "nuclear weapons are necessary to deter a potential U.S. attack" ten U.S. senators led by Senator Edward Kennedy - U.S. claims the right to set its own rules - New Agenda Coalition - NATO's Strategic Concept holds that nuclear weapons are "essential" - kill the basis of trust - the dark side of nanotechnology has been recognized by strategists who see it as a possibility for achieving a new level of effectiveness in fighting wars - "mankind is confronted with a choice: we must halt the arms race and proceed to disarmament or face annihilation" - "Quite often the big countries that are responsible for the peace of the world set a very poor example for those who might hunger for the esteem or the power or the threats that they can develop from nuclear weapons themselves." 2002 Nobel Peace Prize recipient and past President Jimmy Carter - the danger of a nuclear catastrophe grows - that catastrophe may well be set off by terrorists - virtually all experts on the subject say it is not a question of whether a massive attack will occur, but when - so destabilize international relations that the law of the jungle might well replace the rule of law - the radioactive materials needed to build a dirty bomb can be found in almost any country in the world - biological weapons can be made cheaply in a small building, even in the back of a truck - U.S. rejected - biological and chemical weapons have long been considered the "poor man's" weapon - but nuclear weapons are an elite form of destruction - they have always claimed that nuclear weapons are necessary for their security. This is not true. But even if it were true, why would not non-nuclear states claim the right to the same weapons for their security? - nuclear weapons are not about security; they are about power, and they are the most vivid expression of the culture of war - the culture of war has a very strong hold on public thinking. In fact, while people aspire to peace and say they support abolition of all weapons of mass destruction, they uncritically continue to accept the lies produced by the propaganda apparatuses of governments that nuclear weapons are essential to their security. - "a collective form of psychic numbing" - misleading official statements and government secrecy - world consciousness has been dulled - the ultimate evil appears to be too far removed from daily life to engage our attention. It is almost as if the issue is too big to handle. - Nuclear weapons not only assault life on the planet, they assault the planet itself, and in so doing they assault the process of continuing development of the planet. - the circle of fear, perpetuated by those with a vested interest in maintaining nuclear weapons, is unending. - deliberately deceiving the world. Humanity faces the gravest of futures if the world is to be ruled by militarism and the culture of war rather than law. - morally bankrupt - condemned - a world ruled by law is the only hope for a peace with security and stability - in order to protect the civilian population, states must never use weapons that are incapable of distinguishing between civilian and military targets ... states do not have unlimited freedom of choice of weapons - the determined maintenance of nuclear weapons by the powerful few is the factor that inhibits the processes of building the conditions for peace in regions of conflict - "Those who stand to lose wealth, prestige and control in a peaceful world are determined to maintain high levels of fear and hatred. Gullible publics are being persuaded that only a powerful military backed by nuclear weapons can protect them from their enemies." Mayor of Hiroshima - The very idea that a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals should have the power over government policies that spend billions of dollars on military overkill while so many people live in life-threatening poverty is intolerable. Part II: The Culture of Peace Chapter 4. Life in Full Vibrancy - imposed harsh taxes ... to make sure they did not become politically powerful - (Martin Luther King) conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations - love your enemies ... "Far from being the pious injunction of a utopian dreamer, this command is an absolute necessity for the survival of our civilization." (MLK) added: "There is a power in love that our world has not discovered yet. ... Mahatma Gandhi discovered it ... but most men and women never discover it. For they believe in hitting; they believe in an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth; they believe in hating for hating; but Jesus comes to us and says, 'This isn't the way'." - The appeal of non-violence is that it directly challenges the logic (or illogic) of trying to make the world a more peaceful place by using violence as a tool. - peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, picketing, vigils, fasting and hunger strikes, work stoppages, blockages, and other forms of civil disobedience - A Season for Non-Violence ... Mandela ... Dalai Lama ... Mother Teresa - so overpowering is the culture of war that it discourages - a deep mistrust are deeply imbedded in populaces - there are significant signs that a culture of peace is being born - the essential ideas of a culture of peace were then developed into a memorandum by David Adams - promoting collaboration - the goal is to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for human rights and fundamental freedoms - just as war begins in the minds of individuals, so must peace. Thus the organization (UNESCO) seeks to "build the defences of peace" in the minds of individuals. - Respect for life and the dignity and human rights of individuals; rejection of violence; recognition of equal rights for men and women; support for the principles of democracy, freedom, justice, solidarity, tolerance, the acceptance of differences; and Communication and understanding between nations and countries and between ethnic, religious, cultural, and social groups - violence can be prevented through a more tolerant common global ethic - education as an essential tool - contrasting alternatives between a culture of war and a culture of peace: CULTURE OF WAR CULTURE OF PEACE 1. enemy images 1. understanding, tolerance, and solidarity 2. armaments and armies 2. disarmament, general and complete 3. authoritarian governance 3. democratic participation 4. secrecy and propaganda 4. free flow of information and knowledge 5. violence (structural and physical) 5. respect for all human rights 6. male domination 6. equality between women and men 7. education for war 7. education for a culture of peace 8. exploitation of the weak 8. sustainable economic and of the environment and social development - the world is experiencing a fundamental crisis ... it is fundamentally a crisis of the human spirit - reached the point where we are capable of destroying all life on earth just at the moment when the recognition of the inherent human rights of everyone is beginning to take hold - the culture of peace offers the vision of a global ethic toward life in full vibrancy; the culture of war offers the prospect of misery and annihilation - a rigorous UNESCO evaluation of the El Salvador project confirmed the value of the Culture of Peace program - considering the resources available, the culture of peace could be extended beyond any one country's situation and embrace the development of a global culture of peace movement - proposed an additional human right, the human "right to peace" - "us" against "them" - urgency to this work to head off a "shared catastrophe" - Ambassador Anwarul Chowdhury - a set of values, attitudes, traditions, and modes of behaviour and ways of life based on ... (see book for list) - integrally linked to ... (see book for list) - Programme of Action ... education;... (see book for list) - Manifesto 2000 ... Respect all life ... Reject violence ... Share with others ... Listen to Understand ... Preserve the planet ... Rediscover solidarity - Young Peacemakers Club - the Western governments have always been reluctant to pursue programs explicitly designed to build peace and absolutely hostile to any action that would infringe on their right to make war. A government cannot start a war if its people do not believe in the power of force and if they are not convinced there is an enemy. These same governments have made sure that UNESCO's funding was kept at a low level. - "The powerful member states hesitate to empower an agency that might call into question the very basis of their power and wealth, the culture of war." David Adams - Since a culture of peace is essentially about values, its implementation will depend very much on how the forces of religion, education, and civil society will advance the concept - creating and nurturing a culture of peace is a social movement. It requires a profound transformation in our thinking and acting. No wonder governments are perplexed by it, for the culture of peace challenges the status quo. It is a counter-cultural way of life to the culture of war. - it supplies the moral foundation for establishing a better individual and global order - a vision that can lead individuals away from despair and society away from chaos - along with religious formation, general education has a fundamental role in advancing a culture of peace - educational curricula should be revised and teacher training undertaken - new initiatives in peace education - in elaborating a culture of peace, it is necessary to deal with the inertia, opposition, and cynicism that remain such powerful obstacles to its implementation - in the past, the machinery of war has not built the kind of world in which people everywhere can achieve human security. Why can it be expected to do so today? Rather, it is the slow, painstaking construction of a new culture of peace that offers hope for a better future. The values of such a culture are well worth the time developing them takes. The momentum of history, buttressed by new life-enhancing technologies, is on the side of the culture of peace. Chapter 5. Peace: A "Sacred Right" - one of the world's best-kept secrets - concept -- "the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace" - "peace system" - calls upon countries to ensure that their international and national policies are directed toward achieving life in peace, especially with regard to younger generations - preservation of the right of peoples to peace "constitute[s] a fundamental obligation of each State - simply stated, without peace every other right is illusory - laid out a strategy to achieve it. The plan called for energies to be refocused on the systemic and root causes of conflict - First, the Declaration calls for immediate action on urgent issues such as poverty, environmental destruction, and international justice, and it calls upon the international community to provide the UN system with the necessary resources and power to tackle these challenges. In other works, countries need to reduce their investment in arms and militarism and reinvest in the construction of peace. The second strategy involves a massive education campaign focused on youth and designed to foster an understanding and tolerance of other cultures as well as an understanding of the value of peace and justice. - three interrelated components ... of the Draft Oslo Declaration on the Human Right to Peace: 1. Peace as a human right; 2. Peace as a duty; and 3. Peace through the culture of peace - challenge to the hypocrisy dominating the world order today - the US delegate stated, "Peace should not be elevated to the category of human right, otherwise it will be very difficult to start a war." - put his finger precisely on why a human right to peace is needed - although the resolution had 90 votes in favour, a hefty 50 negative votes (mostly Western countries ...) were cased against it, and 14 abstentions ... Such division renders the resolution practically inoperable. - an objective reading of the text does not provide any reason for rejection -- unless a state wants to keep its options for warfare open - the resolution was hailed as a landmark in efforts to move the world body from a culture of reacting to crises to one of preventing them reaching critical mass - it is a significant step forward by the UN in preparing the way for the right to peace - Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace ... (see book for list) - three generations of rights: "First generation" ... to protect the liberty of the individual from the tyranny and abuse of the state; "Second generation" economic, social and cultural rights ... opposing unjust social inequality; and a new "Third generation" of rights developing as a product of the urgent problems of globalization ... they require the symbiotic co-operation between people and states. - They are new in that they may both be invoked against the State and demanded of it; but above all (and herein lies their essential characteristic) they can be realized only through the concerted efforts of all actors on the social scene - essentially, third generation rights call for the redistribution of power and resources, and consider the current international system ineffective in its attempts to resolve contemporary issues. Third generation rights include: the right to political, economic, and cultural self-determination; the right to economic and social development; the right to participate in and benefit from the common heritage of mankind; the right to a healthy environment ; the right to humanitarian relief; and the right to peace. The key characteristic of these rights is that they are fundamentally collective in nature and require international co-operation for their achievement. - first and second generation rights are permeated by an atmosphere of selfishness - for society to achieve its full potential, it is necessary to participate co-operatively within the community. Achieving this demands major changes from the individualistic attitude that prevails in Western democracies. - an awakening. World problems can no longer be solved by the actions of one state alone. - the most important among these newly emerging rights is the human right to peace - the right to peace is unique. It transcends all other rights, enables their exercise, and offers the innovation needed to lift up society and allow it to achieve its full potential in an interconnected world. Indeed, without basic security of the person, other human rights are but an illusion. - the right to peace and other third generation rights have never been formalized into a legal treaty, much less specific legal rules - there is, thus, a technological burden with which the other two generations of human rights were never designed to cope, and the right to peace is an attempt to respond to the perils of the modern interconnected world - the fact that so much progress has been made in recognizing, defining, and implementing the right to peace is a sign of the advance of civilization - get at the systemic causes of the problems faced by the international community today - "the human person is the central subject of development" - education and health - development requires the presence of peace, and peace cannot endure without the conditions of development - human rights are inherent in each human being. They are not conferred by the state - Convention on the Rights of the Child ... is the most universally accepted human rights instrument in history - the first thing the child needs to grow up safely is a peaceful environment - the political system has not yet sufficiently matured - a full discussion of the right to peace puts a new spotlight on the age-old question of the abolition of war itself. In the new era of weapons of mass destruction, the viability of war as a legal means to resolve disputes is clearly over. - "the main function of the right to peace is the promotion and protection of the right to life through peaceful settlement of disputes, by the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations, by the prohibition of the manufacture, use and deployment of nuclear weapons, and by total disarmament." - a new army ... of highly informed, dedicated, and courageous citizens of all countries who do see the perils ahead Chapter 6. The United Nations: Making Haste Slowly - in this world, the best response to today's heightened vulnerability is for the UN to step up its life-saving work around the world - the UN offers the blueprint - the UN is still in its infancy - enforceable multilateral instruments - the McCloy-Zorin Accords (1961) ... would have buried the culture of war ... a framework for comprehensive disarmament ... more comprehensive than anything found today ... the UN would have an international peace force ... astounding - the UN is our best hope to build the conditions for peace and provide human security for everyone - Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace ... (see book for list) - (the UN Secretary General) has nothing but his voice - a stirring document -- "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-first Century" - realize that humanity is indivisible - if ever fully implemented, the Millennium Declaration would make the world a peaceful (and pleasant) place - the aim is to galvanize public opinion - a Declaration and Agenda for Action that called for a Global Poverty Eradication Fund, a Global Habitat Conservation Fund, a UN Peace Force, and a UN Humanitarian Commission - in it, the NGO group resolved "to create a global civil society forum as a permanent forum to deal with UN institutions, the UN reform process, member states and other institutions". - 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. Attain universal primary education in all countries by the year 2015; 3. Promote gender equality and empower women; 4. Reduce child mortality; 5. Improve maternal health; 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; 7. Ensure environmental sustainability; 8. Develop a global partnership for development - show clearly how far ahead of government the advanced wing of civil society is moving - develop additional revenue sources for the UN - governments must also stop starving the UN of funds - the entire UN system ... costs $12 billion a year. This is 1/70th the amount of annual world military expenditures. - those who claim the UN is a bloated "talk shop" are either ignorant or mischievous - one of the great paradoxes of our time ... Finances are a reflection of the prevailing problem of power structures, which are the very factors continuing to shore up the culture of war. - governments, not people, run the organization - "Many countries, including some of the most powerful, use the UN as a fig leaf and a smokescreen to blur unwanted focus, to defuse political pressure, or to dilute or evade their own responsibilities. States - again, even the most powerful - often make commitments that they fail to honour." - the UN's job is not just to clean up after wars; it is to prevent them - "[The UN is] the indispensable font of international authority and the irreplaceable forum for authorizing international military enforcement." - Just because the organization cannot prevent all wars does not invalidate its work of trying to do so. The work of achieving disarmament by peaceful means rather than war must go on. - An Agenda For Peace ... recommended a permanent UN force of "peace enforcement units" - some hold that the overarching job of the UN is to keep the peace, and not legitimize or authorize (let alone make) war under any circumstances - the peace in my community is not impaired but is helped by the presence of the local police - we will see the major powers continue to wage war when they deem it in their interests to do so. As long as each of the five permanent members of the Security Council has a veto, the effectiveness of the Council will be impaired. Part III: Changing Our Attitude Chapter 7. Religions: A Reconciliation of Peoples - history shows that the true shapers of past cultures and civilizations have not been political leaders so much as spiritual leaders - we must resist this "hijacking" of ... faith - the Islamic world is offended by the West's cultural triumphalism, backed up by overwhelming military force - "it was God that mattered, not how people interpreted their experience of the divine" - should stress the things that unite - fundamentalism that has emerged in every major religious tradition as an impediment to religious co-operation for the common good - fundamentalists experience this as a cosmic war between the forces of good and evil - fundamentalists pit themselves against the secularism that drives so many societies today. In doing so, they neglect the more tolerant, inclusive, and compassionate teachings of religion - "fundamentalists have no time for democracy, pluralism, religious toleration, peacekeeping, free speech, or the separation of church and state" - fundamentalist ideologies are rooted in fear - faith communities help to shape societies and cultures through the core values they proclaim. Interfaith co-operation can make shared values more evident. Religious leaders can contribute to conciliation and mediate efforts. - Golden Rule, or the ethic of reciprocity ... as the most concise and general principle of ethics - differences must not be allowed to obscure our much more significant commonalities - religious communities are the largest and best-organized civil institutions in the world today, claiming the allegiance of billions of believers. They are uniquely equipped to meet modern challenges: resolving conflicts, ... - "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow men. That is the entire Law; all the rest is commentary." The Talmud - religion must inspire the state. It must do this not through triumphalism, but through humility - the crisis of our time requires religions to speak to the consciences of humanity with a message of unity. We have one destiny. We live or die together in the struggle for peace. - Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic - there will be no survival without a world ethic, no world peace without peace between the religions, and no peace between the religions without dialogue between the religions - History has shown that: A better global order cannot be created or enforced by laws, prescriptions, and conventions alone; The realization of peace, justice, and the protection of Earth depends on the insight and readiness of men and women to act justly; Action in favour of rights and freedoms presumes a consciousness of responsibility and duty, and that therefore both the minds and hearts of women and men must be addressed; Rights without morality cannot long endure, and that there will be no better global order without a global ethic. - The Preamble of the Declaration of a Global Ethic ... (see book for list) - by a global ethic, I mean a fundamental consensus of binding values, irrevocable standards, and personal attitudes. Without such a fundamental consensus on an ethic, sooner or later every community will be threatened by chaos or dictatorship, and individuals will despair. - "What you wish done to yourself, do to others!" The Golden Rule put in positive terms - no one has the right to physically or psychologically torture, injure, much less kill, any other human being - where extreme poverty reigns, helplessness and despair spread. Where power and wealth are accumulated ruthlessly, feelings of envy, resentment, deadly hatred, and rebellion inevitably well up in the disadvantaged and marginalized. This leads to a vicious circle of violence and counter-violence. - the media today are duty bound to objectivity, fairness, and the preservation of human dignity; they have no right to manipulate public opinion or distort reality. Political leaders, when they lie in the faces of their people, forsake their credibility and deserve to lose their offices. - World Conference on Religion and Peace - religious leadership in the movement for peace must begin with the reconciliation of the religious institutions themselves - in our secular society, such religious affirmations are compartmentalized - must ... become emboldened to present the framework for a new global ethic to modern society in the sure knowledge that secularism, for all its technological prowess, has robbed the human soul of meaning. - waging a war against secularism is not the answer. Rather, what the world urgently needs is sharing and communicating the insights into the human condition from as many different perspectives and traditions as possible - join in a common global ethic - "We believe that all humanity could uphold the core values of respect for life, liberty, justice and equity, mutual respect, caring, and integrity." - chief among these values is a respect for life and its corollary, non-violence - the quality of life in any society depends to a great extent of the degree to which its members accept a duty to care for their neighbours - Global Charter of Civil Society ... rights ... responsibilities ... (see book for list) - secular humanism - Today, religious leadership, in a spirit of humility and service, should take the first step and, with a united voice, loudly proclaim support for the UN global strategies of disarmament, development, equity and justice - these elements are the basis for the culture of peace - the preservation of the planet must be assured as a first step in the expression of our love for God - the one world in which we live has a chance for survival only if there is no longer any room in it for spheres of differing, contradictory, and even antagonistic ethics. "This one world needs one basic ethic. ... need some norms, values, ideals and goals to bring it together and to be binding on it." - reconciliation is the highest form of dialogue - reconciliation demands that we seek peace with ourselves first - the terrorists, the irresponsible politicians, and the bigots may well be active and vociferous, but they certainly are a minority. they are prominent because their strong suit is destruction, which takes little time and marginal courage. To build, to discover, and to strive for achievements that will benefit all human beings takes more courage, more effort, and more time. Chapter 8. Education:A "Weapon" for Peace - Peace is a wonderful word with a sublime meaning, yet our society as a whole is afraid to embrace it, to nourish it, to celebrate it, and to rejoice in the wholeness of our humanity that peace represents. - we shun the idea of making peace education compulsory for all children - the best, if not the only, way to bring this about is through education - today's security dilemmas are too multifaceted to be left in the hands of an elite few - people at all levels need to be empowered to assess and evaluate the possibilities for change - this can be accomplished, but only if governments, communities, and individuals take the culture of peace to heart and mind - transmit knowledge about the key peace education themes of co-operation, conflict resolution, non-violence, human rights, social justice, world resources, global environment, and multicultural understanding - education ... is a very big subject that goes far beyond the classroom - the definition (of peace education) I favour is this: " ... teaching encounters that draw out from people their desires for peace and provide them with non-violent alternatives for managing conflicts, as well as the skills for critical analysis of the structural arrangements that legitimate and produce injustice and inequality." Ian Harris and John Synott - Some of the attitudes evoked by peace education include: Curiosity, both intellectual and cultural; Appreciation of diversity, receptivity to new perspectives, and a sense of commonality of humankind's needs, rights, aspirations, and talents; Concern for justice, commitment to equality; Tolerance of uncertainty, conflict and change; Capacity for creativity, risk taking, and thinking in images and symbols; World awareness, holistic thinking, and a respect for life forms and their place in the web of life. - objectives in fostering integrated thinking: 1. To learn how to think rather than what to think about issues; 2. To develop critical thinking skills in an informed citizenry; 3. To deepen understanding of the multiple factors at the local, national, regional and global levels that either foster or undermine peace; 4. To encourage attitudes and actions which promote peace; 5. To convey relevant information and foster a responsive attitude to current and future security challenges through the development and widespread availability of improved methodologies and research techniques; 6. To bridge political, regional and technological divides by bringing together ideas, concepts, people, groups and institutions; 7. To project at all levels the values of peace, tolerance, non-violence, dialogue and consultation as the basis for interaction among peoples, countries and civilizations. - the present generation has been left ill-prepared to adapt peaceably to a globalized world demanding precisely the opposite qualities - truth, justice, love, liberty - in a world where our fate is held in common, simply learning to manage conflict within the current war system - through arms control, peacekeeping, and humanitarian assistance, to name a few examples - is not enough. We must do something more profound. - security cannot come from the barrel of a gun - to cement peace in place, a much deeper and sustained effort is needed to educate present and future generations to use non-violent means to resolve conflict - the most effective way to inspire activism, and thus change, is through learning at every stage of life - the argument in support of peace education...: In such a violent world, young people need help in relating their own lives to the violence they see around them. Often they are so distraught by violence that they cannot focus on their lessons. There already exists a solid body of research showing that college students who take conflict resolutions classes tend to address issues of daily conflict in their own lives, giving themselves a greater sense of control. Also, conflict resolution education supports the development of resilience in young people. It improves students' social and emotional competency, conflict behaviour, and academic performance. It contributes to a healthy school climate by reducing vandalism, violence, absenteeism, and failure. Young people who receive this form of peace education are less aggressive and more pro-social." Ian Harris - it is hard to quantify results - peace education promotes the use of preventative diplomacy and, thus, living peacefully on the planet. It gives young people insights into the sources of violence and empowers them to avoid and transform it. - Hague Appeal for Peace ... Global Campaign for Peace Education http://www.haguepeace.org/index.php?name=education ... Learning to Abolish War: Teaching Toward a Culture of Peace (order at http://www.haguepeace.org/index.php?name=pagetool_news&news_id=41 ) - "War and all forms of violence are interrelated, as evidenced by the culture of violence that surrounds us. War is the core institution of the present global security system, the fount from which pour forth the rationalizations for and habits of violence found in so many aspects of life." - "Enabling learners to see these possibilities and to understand these mechanisms is a primary responsibility of the field of peace education for the twenty-first century." - the world cannot continue to tolerate national states' insistence on their own rights at the expense of others - International Peace Research Association - New curricula should: 1. Assist in developing critical skills and critical thinking on the subject; 2. Take into account that disarmament and non-proliferation education is an integral and essential part of peace education; 3. Cover all levels of the education system and be adapted to the needs of the various social and economic groups concerned; 4. Take into account the special cultural, economic, and social characteristics of each country; 5. Adopt a multidisciplinary approach; 6. Highlight the human dimensions of conflict, including individual experiences from victims and survivors of war; 7. Provide a forum for dialogue on conflict reduction, which is essential for achieving the goals of peace education. - the Internet. Exaggerating its importance would be hard - The Internet is the antidote to the mainline media's fixation on the culture of war - If knowledge is power, ... the average person ... has never been so powerful - the oft-heard goal of "a computer in every classroom" could be achieved if governments put more money into the culture of peace than the culture of war - UN's Cyber School Bus http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/index.asp - The University for Peace in Costa Rica demonstrates what constitutes peace education now and what it can become in the future http://www.upeace.org/prospectus2003.pdf - two inter-related goals: capacity building (leadership training) and reform of educational systems - (UPeace Chair Maurice) Strong envisions a "peace research network" - Peace education will produce new leaders and enlightened citizens who can advance informed and responsible human security initiatives and can generate information that NGOs can use to rouse public opinion. In short, education provides the tools to achieve the goals of good governance, the culture of peace, and full participation in civil society Chapter 9. Civil Society: New Demands for a Humane World - has the potential to drive political processes everywhere toward implementing the elements of a culture of peace - civil society activism in advancing social justice has reached a new level of involvement and is now empowering millions of persons around the world in bringing forward their concerns - this is the beginning of systemic change - three trends ... First, the string of UN conferences on all major global problems ... unleashed a torrent of civic involvement that spilled far beyond traditional NGOs. Second, the growing awareness that national governments alone were not solving human security problems occurred at the same time democracy itself was spreading across the world ... And third, the explosive growth and advance in Internet technology has enabled individuals and civil society groups to co-ordinate their agendas and actions across long distances and without censorship. - "Power Shift" - The fluidity of civil society is on of its hallmarks. - states ... find NGO prodding and exposure of human rights violations annoying - states severely limit the access of NGOs - it is now physically impossible to accommodate all NGOs requesting participation in UN meetings - government delegates (whose professional lifestyle immerses them in a sort of cocoon) - NGO Forum - civil society can become the "new superpower" - annual event into a permanent organization, perhaps even established through a charter amendment - Will the day ever come when a "People's Assembly" of the UN is directly elected by peoples around the world? - civil society challenges the system itself - self-interested capitalism imposes its rule and hegemony over the most vulnerable nations and peoples - World Economic Forum, an elite meeting of world economic and political leaders held each year in Davos ... WEF has played both a symbolic and a real leadership role in shaping the global economy - activists in the global justice movement began to challenge the notion that there is no alternative to corporate-led globalization - The World Social Forum was born in January 2001, and to date three world gatherings of activists have been held in ... Porto Alegre (Brazil) ... The first gathering drew 20,000 participants; the second, about 50,000; and the third, in 2003, well over 100,000 from 126 countries - The theme of the gatherings has been "Another World Is Possible" - WSF operates in a decentralized fashion without any locus of power - Forum participants say their experience in such a joyful, robust setting offers the hope that overcoming violence, wars, subjugation, hate, and fear in the world is more than an idealistic dream - (Noam) Chomsky ... rejected the idea that the "masters of the universe" ... could control the world agenda. (Arundhati) Roy, ... said "Another world is not only possible, she is on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing." The new President of Brazil, Lula da Silva, told the cheering crowd, "I will tell the people at Davos that the world does not need war, the world needs peace and understanding." - These non-state actors and social activists transcend national boundaries and consider themselves global citizens foremost. They consider the nation state to be outmoded or insufficiently responsive to the transcending problems of globalization. Though the nation state still has immense power - it runs wars - its decision-making processes are increasingly being challenged by the emerging global civil society. - Civil society relies on "soft power", rather than hard, and it ebbs and flows - no longer can governments operate in elitist ways, making their decisions as if the masses were too unsophisticated to understand the nuances of policies - it is civil society, no governments, that is leading the way to a more human world - Two Tracks: One Message ... a choice between the two is not necessary - The clamour and pressure from without increases the opportunity of those within to be heard. Both the UN and Porto Alegre routes are needed - without a doubt, radical change in international politics is essential to reverse the present trend lines of the war culture. - The poor of the world and those being killed in the endless parade of wars need someone to speak up on their behalf. - The summation of all this work - from within and from without - puts pressure on government systems to change. - Clearly a social revolution is occurring. - Whether this new phenomenon can become a new superpower in the world, as is sometimes contended, remains to be seen. What is certain is that a new critical assessment of governments is seeping through the populace. - The mistrust of governments today is palpable. Rising civil society movements are challenging the political elitism that has caused so much discord and suffering. This free-wheeling, centerless spurt of social activism, fed by instant worldwide electronic communication, provides hope for change. Governments may seem at times impervious to change, but it is unlikely that even the most recalcitrant ones could resist much longer if civil society ever became unified and relentless in its demands for a more humane world. Conclusion: When "We the Peoples" Demand Peace - Through many parts of the world, the grandest architectural achievements ... testify to the ingenuity, skill, and toil of generations of dedicated people. - So, too, building a culture of peace requires daily dedication to fulfill the vision. We must have the patience of those who laboured on the great edifices, content just to participate without expecting to see the end product. - the time required to educate and transform sufficient numbers of individuals so that they embrace the culture of peace conflicts with the necessity of getting the job done now - we are dealing with a finite window of opportunity to resolve world issues. How then do we reconcile the fact that human beings cannot be reprogrammed instantly with the new urgencies of the culture of peace? - the list of 50 Ways To Build World Peace shows how an individual can approach large issues by small and meaningful actions (reference http://www.peace.ca/50waystobuildpeace.jpg ) - three fundamental ways that can move society from a culture of war to a culture of peace: we must understand, participate, and communicate - attitudinal change - the public as a whole ... share in visionary thinking - "Smart mobs" are the twenty-first century vehicle for people power - Many, particularly the young, are bypassing the traditional political processes precisely because they are so antiquated and incapable of solving contemporary security problems. The more direct actions of civic involvement - to express one's opinion and link with like-minded individuals across the globe - are more appealing. Today, democracy does not equal political involvement. That is a huge change in thinking that I myself have witnessed during 30 years in public life. Democracy is thriving as never before. - the "hierarchy" of political direction is coming to an end, if it is not already finished - leaders, no matter how powerful, can no longer just commit entire societies to war. The power of people, who now understand the measures available to resolve conflicts in a fair and just manner without violence, has asserted itself. - the mainline media, which, like the political structure, is still locked in a corporate mentality that regards the public as nothing more than avaricious, mentally deficient consumers - the Internet is the centrepiece of the revolution ... - the message is that we no longer need the mainline media to inform us about what is going on in the world - this does not mean that advocates of the culture of peace should ignore the mainline media. Quite the reverse. - The time has come to resist the greatest social injustice - the institution of war. For war will kill us all. The only way humanity can survive is by overcoming the culture of war. - The UN gives us the base of international law to resolve human conflict. - We have not yet reached sufficient maturity of civilization to enforce the right to peace. Governments, at least some of them, are still too strong and are able to overcome the wishes of those who have turned against war. But this situation will not prevail forever. It will give way to those who demand the right to peace. - That is why developing the elements of a culture of peace - education, sustainable development, respect for all human rights, equality between men and women, democratic participation, understanding and tolerance, free flow of information, and human security for all - is so important. - Future generations, when they have tasted the fruit of a culture of peace, will recognize almost intuitively that peace is their right. They will demand it. Our role, as the twenty-first century begins, is to nourish the seeds of peace so that the blossom appears. - The immediate goal is for every generation to ensure that there will be a following generation. The advance of civilization thus far tells me that humanity is not fated for oblivion; indeed, the new interconnected human community is a source of strength to continue building the culture of peace. I must feel this strength so that I can talk and write, in realistic terms, of achieving the human right to peace. I do feel the strength. The strength of this moment gives me hope for the future, and hope is itself a powerful motivation for action. This hope for a decent future for humanity must awaken a universal sense of responsibility. When "we the peoples" seize this responsibility, the human right to peace will be assured. Appendix: The Human Right to Peace - Declaration by Federico Mayor, Former Director-General of UNESCO, January 1997 - ministries of peace - it is time for action - we must react, each of us to the best of our abilities - what is needed, then, is to reduce the investment in arms and destruction in order to increase investment in the construction of peace - the only real education is education by example ... and love - this change ... cannot be achieved without our young people - At all United Nations conferences ... there has been a consensus that education is the key to urgently needed change in the direction pursued by today's world - to invest in education is not only to respect a fundamental right but also to build peace and progress for the world's peoples - other 'rights' have been added since 1948 ... to them should be added the right which underlies them all: the right to peace - the right to live in peace! the right to our own 'personal sovereignty', to respect for life and dignity. Key links: - the report of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htm - the Seville Statement on Violence http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf - International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise - 2003 UN Human Development Report http://www.undp.org/hdr2003 - the statement "Battle for the Planet" issued by Nobel Peace Laureates http://www.greencrossitalia.it/ita/speciali/johan/battle.htm - 2002 UN document "Global Challenge, Global Opportunity: Trends in Sustainable Development" provides a good overview of world conditions http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2002/08/13/Unreport.pdf - 1987 UN Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development http://www.disarmament.un.org/cab/docs/aconf13039.pdf - the text of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the most important arms control and disarmament treaty in the world http://www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/treaty - President George W. Bush's National Security Strategy http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html - Nuclear Posture Review (2002) excerpts http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm and an analysis http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/outwell.htm - New Agenda Coalition resolution http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/1com/1com02/res/L2rev1.html - analysis of the NATO review of its nuclear weapons policy http://www.ploughshares.ca/CONTENT/WORKING%20PAPERS/wp013.html - UN First Special Session on Disarmament (1978) http://disarmament.un.org/gaspecialsession/10thsesmain.htm - Martin Luther King Jr. biography http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/biography and collection of sermons http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/sermonsFrame.htm - David Adams' article "Moving from a Culture of War to a Culture of Peace" http://www.forusa.org/ - a comprehensive outline of the many facets of the Culture of Peace is provided by UNESCO at http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/uk/uk_sum_cp.htm - UN Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/39/a39r011.htm - Report by the Secretary General on the Human Right to Peace http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001100/110027e.pdf - explanation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child http://www.unicef.org/crc/crc.htm - Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict http://www.peacelawyers.ca/Documents/IntLawNWProfs.htm - Farewell speech by Mary Robinson gives a helpful assessment of the state of human rights today http://193.194.138.190/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/608B646C44611148C1256C31002FF3E8?opendocument - United Nations web site http://www.un.org/ - UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty First Century" http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report - Declaration and Agenda for Action: Strengthening the United Nations for the Twenty-first Century" the final report of the People's Millennium Forum http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration.htm - Kofi Annan's acceptance speech for Nobel Peace Prize http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2001/annan-lecture.html - The ABCs of Disarmament: The UN's Disarmament Machinery by William Epstein http://disarm.igc.org/ - text of the McCloy-Zorin Accords http://www.nuclearfiles.org/redocuments/1961/610920-mccloy-zorin.html - World Conference on Religion and Peace http://www.wcrp.org/ - Parliament of the World's Religions http://www.cpwr.org/ - background on the 1993 Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic http://astro.temple.edu/~dialogue/Center/kung.htm - Ethical Globalization Initiative http://www.eginitiative.org/ - Schoolnet http://www.schoolnet.ca/ - Techeste Ahderom, Co-chair of the Millennium Forum speech http://www.onecountry.org/e121/MF_Speech_to_Millennium_Summit.htm - Noam Chomsky speech to 2003 meeting of World Social Forum http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=40&ItemID=2938 - Arundhati Roy speech to 2003 meeting of World Social Forum http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=51&ItemID=2919 - World Forum of Civil Society Networks ("UBUNTU") http://ubuntu.upc.es/pag.php?lg=eng About the Author: Douglas Roche was elected to the Parliament of Canada four times, serving from 1972 to 1984 and specializing in the subjects of development and disarmament. He holds six honourary doctorates. Canada's ambassador for disarmament from 1984 to 1989, he was elected Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee, the main UN body dealing with political and security issues, at the 43rd General Assembly in 1988. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1998. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada, Chairman of Canadian Pugwash and Chairman of the Middle Powers Initiative, a network of eight international non-governmental organizations specializing in nuclear disarmament. In 1995, he received the United Nations Association's Medal of Honour and the Papal Medal for his service on disarmament and security matters. In 2000, he received the Pomerance Award for work at the United Nations on nuclear disarmament. Roche is the author of sixteen books, including Bread Not Bombs: A Political Agenda for Social Justice (University of Alberta Press, 1999).
by Douglas Roche
The following is what I highlighted during my read of this excellent book -- I recommend it at the top of my Top-ten List of Peace resources. My purpose in providing them is to interest you, the reader, and hope that you will obtain and read the complete work. To properly understand the highlights, you need to read the book to put them in the proper context. The 260 page book can be ordered for $24.95 from Novalis, 49 Front Street, 2nd Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada M5E 1B3; telephone 1-877-702-7773 or (416) 363-3303; email cservice@novalis.ca ; web site http://www.novalis.ca/ ; ISBN 2-89507-409-7 (2003). This books is "Everything You Wanted To Know About Building Peace". It describes the current Culture of War, the coming Culture of Peace, and Changing Our Attitude to make the changes necessary. Most important, the book is written by a highly respected Senator of the Government of Canada and it pulls no punches.
You will also be interested to read a short Book Review of The Human Right to Peace by Canadian peace educator Dr. Larry Fisk, PhD. Bob Stewart THE HUMAN RIGHT TO PEACE by Douglas Roche Introduction: Moving to Creativity - though these world problems are rooted in a host of factors, none can be resolved adequately unless we end the dominance of the culture of war - war comes out of our culture -- the way we are socialized to interact with one another - hatred exploits the brutalities of the poverty, oppression, power and greed of modern society. The powerful need to understand about the causes of that hatred ... addressing the great injustices... - an immense double standard prevails: in one breath, governments plead an inability to fund social and environmental needs, and in the next breath, they appropriate huge sums to prepare and execute warfare - starving peace processes - action is urgently needed. The goal must be to build a world system that will make war extinct. - we must do to ensure our very survival - core values of respect for life, liberty, justice, and equity; a mutual respect; and personal integrity - People's Millennium Forum - One shows the creativity of humanity; the other its destructiveness. To move to creativity, we must shine a light on world conditions. Only then can we appreciate how we must change our attitudes toward war and peace. - we must build a just world if humanity is to survive Part 1: The Culture of War 1. Violence as a Way of Life - the major states, the most profligate, are never named because they control the agenda of international meetings where UN documents are presented - the "military-industrial complex" - insatiable demands - fear-mongering - violent conflict has often resulted from the traditional preoccupation of governments to defend, maintain, or extend their interests and power - when long-standing grievances are exploited by political demagogues, the scene is set for violence - factors: (1) a lack of democratic processes and unequal access to power; social inequality marked by grossly unequal distribution of, and access to, resources; (2) control by a single national group of valuable natural resources, such as gems, oil, timber and drugs; (3) rapid demographic change that outstrips the capacity of the state to provide essential services and job opportunities; (4) the availability of weapons - requires a belief that power can be obtained or maintained by violence - CNN chairman Walter Isaacson sent a memo to his staff ordering them to "balance" reports of civilian destruction in Afghanistan with reminders that the Taliban had harboured terrorists - the scale of human suffering in Afghanistan has given the lie to Western claims of beneficence - U.S. forces openly boasted (the 1991 Iraq retreat) was a "turkey shoot" - President (George W.) Bush told the American people: "The UN Security Council has not lived up to its responsibilities." That statement -- the ultimate justification for going to war (with Iraq in 2003) -- could not have been more wrong. - regime change - the strategy of containment - new U.S. doctrine of pre-emptive attack - resentment - gullible public ... manipulated by government propaganda - in this moral teaching (i.e. just war), legitimate self-defence is allowed "once every means of peaceful settlement has been exhausted." - only the Security Council can authorize war - the veto power possessed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council ... keeps the Security Council from enforcing its resolutions; the major powers will not let it have a standing force capable of rapid deployment to zones of conflict - if the UN legal machinery is deliberately kept weak, then the very states that are keeping it weak cannot legitimately claim a just right to make war when there is a crisis - The Responsibility to Protect - the claim that serious disputes cannot be resolved without warfare rings hollow in the modern age, which has at its disposal a wide array of UN tools. If states will not put themselves under the purview of the UN in resolving conflict, that is a sad reflection of their own obduracy. Chapter 2. The Effect of Militarism on a Fragile Planet - Agenda 21, a detailed blueprint of 115 programs to address the many strands of sustainable development - sustainable development needs of the twenty-first century - in effect, a global partnership was envisaged to build a more efficient and equitable world economy - devastating assessment of life on the planet - accused governments, and their self-interested "business as usual" policies - what is holding back humanity from achieving equitable development for all the world's peoples? - four pillars of human security: peace, development, equity and justice - if the gulf between the two worlds is not bridged, turbulence and ever more violent storms lie ahead - wealth built on power .. power is built on militarism - are the permanent members responsible for all of the world's ills? - there is a dominant characteristic: the legitimate aspirations of humanity are constantly being dashed by power structures underpinned by a war culture - security ... demands both disarmament and development: Security consists of not only military, but also political, economic, social, humanitarian and human rights and ecological aspects - no nation should spend more on its military than on the education and health of its people - a global fund for human security - more instability and chaos in the years ahead - fresh water, the foremost requirement for life, is becoming scarce and will be the source of increasing conflicts in the future - attacks to gain access to resources must be declared as a crime on humanity - St. Lucia ... had set a high standard to replace fossil fuel with renewable energy, but that "the World Bank asks us to privatize our water, electricity and telephone services. On the one hand, we have to privatize, but when we attempt to put our policy of renewable energy into action, the multinationals frustrate every effort we make, as they are only interested in the rate of return." - current atmospheric carbon dioxide is at its highest level in 420,000 years - the misguided priorities of governments, which rush to feed the culture of war while skimping on programs to build human security in a suffering and fragile world, are outrageous and tragic Chapter 3. The Massive Lie of Nuclear Weapons - The culture of war is built upon the enormous lie that weapons bring security - any use of nuclear weapons today would constitute a criminal act - a crime against humanity - the very idea of nuclear weapons is to kill massively - such descriptions of the overwhelming effects of nuclear weapons are not found in the general political and military literature - the proposition that nuclear weapons can be retained in perpetuity and never used - accidentally or by decision - defies credibility. The only complete defence is the elimination of nuclear weapons and assurance that they will never be produced again. - the responsibility for the looming prospect of a nuclear war of some dimension can be laid squarely on the U.S., Russia, the U.K, France and China - the breakdown of the Non-Proliferation Treaty - the U.S. turned its back on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - nuclear weapons are the currency of power - subterfuge that has characterized the nuclear disarmament agenda for more than three decades - irreversibility - verification - sleight-of-hand nuclear disarmament - they treat nuclear disarmament as a game - "Not a single person of the many hundreds I have polled voiced the belief that the true intention of the United States is, or ever has been, to abolish nuclear weapons. ... the prospect of nuclear abolition is deemed so remote as to be implausible." Bruce Blair - the other nuclear states are just as devious - the nuclear weapons states hold the major responsibility for setting up legal regimes to ensure the elimination of all nuclear weapons - the United States is in the dominant position of deciding which way the world will go on nuclear weapons: toward permanence or toward elimination - it is futile to speak of nuclear disarmament without focusing intensely on the role of the U.S. - startling new doctrine of pre-emptive attack, first used against Iraq in 2003 - international law does not countenance pre-emptive attacks in self-defence unless there is compelling evidence of an imminent attack - its nuclear weapons stockpile remains a cornerstone of U.S. national security policy - the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review says that there are four reasons to possess nuclear weapons: to "assure allies and friends, dissuade competitors, deter aggressors, and defeat enemies" - astounding that, in the light of this development, the U.S. representative at the 2003 Geneva meeting of the parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty declared: "We are not developing new nuclear weapons." - "nuclear weapons are necessary to deter a potential U.S. attack" ten U.S. senators led by Senator Edward Kennedy - U.S. claims the right to set its own rules - New Agenda Coalition - NATO's Strategic Concept holds that nuclear weapons are "essential" - kill the basis of trust - the dark side of nanotechnology has been recognized by strategists who see it as a possibility for achieving a new level of effectiveness in fighting wars - "mankind is confronted with a choice: we must halt the arms race and proceed to disarmament or face annihilation" - "Quite often the big countries that are responsible for the peace of the world set a very poor example for those who might hunger for the esteem or the power or the threats that they can develop from nuclear weapons themselves." 2002 Nobel Peace Prize recipient and past President Jimmy Carter - the danger of a nuclear catastrophe grows - that catastrophe may well be set off by terrorists - virtually all experts on the subject say it is not a question of whether a massive attack will occur, but when - so destabilize international relations that the law of the jungle might well replace the rule of law - the radioactive materials needed to build a dirty bomb can be found in almost any country in the world - biological weapons can be made cheaply in a small building, even in the back of a truck - U.S. rejected - biological and chemical weapons have long been considered the "poor man's" weapon - but nuclear weapons are an elite form of destruction - they have always claimed that nuclear weapons are necessary for their security. This is not true. But even if it were true, why would not non-nuclear states claim the right to the same weapons for their security? - nuclear weapons are not about security; they are about power, and they are the most vivid expression of the culture of war - the culture of war has a very strong hold on public thinking. In fact, while people aspire to peace and say they support abolition of all weapons of mass destruction, they uncritically continue to accept the lies produced by the propaganda apparatuses of governments that nuclear weapons are essential to their security. - "a collective form of psychic numbing" - misleading official statements and government secrecy - world consciousness has been dulled - the ultimate evil appears to be too far removed from daily life to engage our attention. It is almost as if the issue is too big to handle. - Nuclear weapons not only assault life on the planet, they assault the planet itself, and in so doing they assault the process of continuing development of the planet. - the circle of fear, perpetuated by those with a vested interest in maintaining nuclear weapons, is unending. - deliberately deceiving the world. Humanity faces the gravest of futures if the world is to be ruled by militarism and the culture of war rather than law. - morally bankrupt - condemned - a world ruled by law is the only hope for a peace with security and stability - in order to protect the civilian population, states must never use weapons that are incapable of distinguishing between civilian and military targets ... states do not have unlimited freedom of choice of weapons - the determined maintenance of nuclear weapons by the powerful few is the factor that inhibits the processes of building the conditions for peace in regions of conflict - "Those who stand to lose wealth, prestige and control in a peaceful world are determined to maintain high levels of fear and hatred. Gullible publics are being persuaded that only a powerful military backed by nuclear weapons can protect them from their enemies." Mayor of Hiroshima - The very idea that a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals should have the power over government policies that spend billions of dollars on military overkill while so many people live in life-threatening poverty is intolerable. Part II: The Culture of Peace Chapter 4. Life in Full Vibrancy - imposed harsh taxes ... to make sure they did not become politically powerful - (Martin Luther King) conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations - love your enemies ... "Far from being the pious injunction of a utopian dreamer, this command is an absolute necessity for the survival of our civilization." (MLK) added: "There is a power in love that our world has not discovered yet. ... Mahatma Gandhi discovered it ... but most men and women never discover it. For they believe in hitting; they believe in an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth; they believe in hating for hating; but Jesus comes to us and says, 'This isn't the way'." - The appeal of non-violence is that it directly challenges the logic (or illogic) of trying to make the world a more peaceful place by using violence as a tool. - peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, picketing, vigils, fasting and hunger strikes, work stoppages, blockages, and other forms of civil disobedience - A Season for Non-Violence ... Mandela ... Dalai Lama ... Mother Teresa - so overpowering is the culture of war that it discourages - a deep mistrust are deeply imbedded in populaces - there are significant signs that a culture of peace is being born - the essential ideas of a culture of peace were then developed into a memorandum by David Adams - promoting collaboration - the goal is to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for human rights and fundamental freedoms - just as war begins in the minds of individuals, so must peace. Thus the organization (UNESCO) seeks to "build the defences of peace" in the minds of individuals. - Respect for life and the dignity and human rights of individuals; rejection of violence; recognition of equal rights for men and women; support for the principles of democracy, freedom, justice, solidarity, tolerance, the acceptance of differences; and Communication and understanding between nations and countries and between ethnic, religious, cultural, and social groups - violence can be prevented through a more tolerant common global ethic - education as an essential tool - contrasting alternatives between a culture of war and a culture of peace: CULTURE OF WAR CULTURE OF PEACE 1. enemy images 1. understanding, tolerance, and solidarity 2. armaments and armies 2. disarmament, general and complete 3. authoritarian governance 3. democratic participation 4. secrecy and propaganda 4. free flow of information and knowledge 5. violence (structural and physical) 5. respect for all human rights 6. male domination 6. equality between women and men 7. education for war 7. education for a culture of peace 8. exploitation of the weak 8. sustainable economic and of the environment and social development - the world is experiencing a fundamental crisis ... it is fundamentally a crisis of the human spirit - reached the point where we are capable of destroying all life on earth just at the moment when the recognition of the inherent human rights of everyone is beginning to take hold - the culture of peace offers the vision of a global ethic toward life in full vibrancy; the culture of war offers the prospect of misery and annihilation - a rigorous UNESCO evaluation of the El Salvador project confirmed the value of the Culture of Peace program - considering the resources available, the culture of peace could be extended beyond any one country's situation and embrace the development of a global culture of peace movement - proposed an additional human right, the human "right to peace" - "us" against "them" - urgency to this work to head off a "shared catastrophe" - Ambassador Anwarul Chowdhury - a set of values, attitudes, traditions, and modes of behaviour and ways of life based on ... (see book for list) - integrally linked to ... (see book for list) - Programme of Action ... education;... (see book for list) - Manifesto 2000 ... Respect all life ... Reject violence ... Share with others ... Listen to Understand ... Preserve the planet ... Rediscover solidarity - Young Peacemakers Club - the Western governments have always been reluctant to pursue programs explicitly designed to build peace and absolutely hostile to any action that would infringe on their right to make war. A government cannot start a war if its people do not believe in the power of force and if they are not convinced there is an enemy. These same governments have made sure that UNESCO's funding was kept at a low level. - "The powerful member states hesitate to empower an agency that might call into question the very basis of their power and wealth, the culture of war." David Adams - Since a culture of peace is essentially about values, its implementation will depend very much on how the forces of religion, education, and civil society will advance the concept - creating and nurturing a culture of peace is a social movement. It requires a profound transformation in our thinking and acting. No wonder governments are perplexed by it, for the culture of peace challenges the status quo. It is a counter-cultural way of life to the culture of war. - it supplies the moral foundation for establishing a better individual and global order - a vision that can lead individuals away from despair and society away from chaos - along with religious formation, general education has a fundamental role in advancing a culture of peace - educational curricula should be revised and teacher training undertaken - new initiatives in peace education - in elaborating a culture of peace, it is necessary to deal with the inertia, opposition, and cynicism that remain such powerful obstacles to its implementation - in the past, the machinery of war has not built the kind of world in which people everywhere can achieve human security. Why can it be expected to do so today? Rather, it is the slow, painstaking construction of a new culture of peace that offers hope for a better future. The values of such a culture are well worth the time developing them takes. The momentum of history, buttressed by new life-enhancing technologies, is on the side of the culture of peace. Chapter 5. Peace: A "Sacred Right" - one of the world's best-kept secrets - concept -- "the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace" - "peace system" - calls upon countries to ensure that their international and national policies are directed toward achieving life in peace, especially with regard to younger generations - preservation of the right of peoples to peace "constitute[s] a fundamental obligation of each State - simply stated, without peace every other right is illusory - laid out a strategy to achieve it. The plan called for energies to be refocused on the systemic and root causes of conflict - First, the Declaration calls for immediate action on urgent issues such as poverty, environmental destruction, and international justice, and it calls upon the international community to provide the UN system with the necessary resources and power to tackle these challenges. In other works, countries need to reduce their investment in arms and militarism and reinvest in the construction of peace. The second strategy involves a massive education campaign focused on youth and designed to foster an understanding and tolerance of other cultures as well as an understanding of the value of peace and justice. - three interrelated components ... of the Draft Oslo Declaration on the Human Right to Peace: 1. Peace as a human right; 2. Peace as a duty; and 3. Peace through the culture of peace - challenge to the hypocrisy dominating the world order today - the US delegate stated, "Peace should not be elevated to the category of human right, otherwise it will be very difficult to start a war." - put his finger precisely on why a human right to peace is needed - although the resolution had 90 votes in favour, a hefty 50 negative votes (mostly Western countries ...) were cased against it, and 14 abstentions ... Such division renders the resolution practically inoperable. - an objective reading of the text does not provide any reason for rejection -- unless a state wants to keep its options for warfare open - the resolution was hailed as a landmark in efforts to move the world body from a culture of reacting to crises to one of preventing them reaching critical mass - it is a significant step forward by the UN in preparing the way for the right to peace - Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace ... (see book for list) - three generations of rights: "First generation" ... to protect the liberty of the individual from the tyranny and abuse of the state; "Second generation" economic, social and cultural rights ... opposing unjust social inequality; and a new "Third generation" of rights developing as a product of the urgent problems of globalization ... they require the symbiotic co-operation between people and states. - They are new in that they may both be invoked against the State and demanded of it; but above all (and herein lies their essential characteristic) they can be realized only through the concerted efforts of all actors on the social scene - essentially, third generation rights call for the redistribution of power and resources, and consider the current international system ineffective in its attempts to resolve contemporary issues. Third generation rights include: the right to political, economic, and cultural self-determination; the right to economic and social development; the right to participate in and benefit from the common heritage of mankind; the right to a healthy environment ; the right to humanitarian relief; and the right to peace. The key characteristic of these rights is that they are fundamentally collective in nature and require international co-operation for their achievement. - first and second generation rights are permeated by an atmosphere of selfishness - for society to achieve its full potential, it is necessary to participate co-operatively within the community. Achieving this demands major changes from the individualistic attitude that prevails in Western democracies. - an awakening. World problems can no longer be solved by the actions of one state alone. - the most important among these newly emerging rights is the human right to peace - the right to peace is unique. It transcends all other rights, enables their exercise, and offers the innovation needed to lift up society and allow it to achieve its full potential in an interconnected world. Indeed, without basic security of the person, other human rights are but an illusion. - the right to peace and other third generation rights have never been formalized into a legal treaty, much less specific legal rules - there is, thus, a technological burden with which the other two generations of human rights were never designed to cope, and the right to peace is an attempt to respond to the perils of the modern interconnected world - the fact that so much progress has been made in recognizing, defining, and implementing the right to peace is a sign of the advance of civilization - get at the systemic causes of the problems faced by the international community today - "the human person is the central subject of development" - education and health - development requires the presence of peace, and peace cannot endure without the conditions of development - human rights are inherent in each human being. They are not conferred by the state - Convention on the Rights of the Child ... is the most universally accepted human rights instrument in history - the first thing the child needs to grow up safely is a peaceful environment - the political system has not yet sufficiently matured - a full discussion of the right to peace puts a new spotlight on the age-old question of the abolition of war itself. In the new era of weapons of mass destruction, the viability of war as a legal means to resolve disputes is clearly over. - "the main function of the right to peace is the promotion and protection of the right to life through peaceful settlement of disputes, by the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations, by the prohibition of the manufacture, use and deployment of nuclear weapons, and by total disarmament." - a new army ... of highly informed, dedicated, and courageous citizens of all countries who do see the perils ahead Chapter 6. The United Nations: Making Haste Slowly - in this world, the best response to today's heightened vulnerability is for the UN to step up its life-saving work around the world - the UN offers the blueprint - the UN is still in its infancy - enforceable multilateral instruments - the McCloy-Zorin Accords (1961) ... would have buried the culture of war ... a framework for comprehensive disarmament ... more comprehensive than anything found today ... the UN would have an international peace force ... astounding - the UN is our best hope to build the conditions for peace and provide human security for everyone - Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace ... (see book for list) - (the UN Secretary General) has nothing but his voice - a stirring document -- "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-first Century" - realize that humanity is indivisible - if ever fully implemented, the Millennium Declaration would make the world a peaceful (and pleasant) place - the aim is to galvanize public opinion - a Declaration and Agenda for Action that called for a Global Poverty Eradication Fund, a Global Habitat Conservation Fund, a UN Peace Force, and a UN Humanitarian Commission - in it, the NGO group resolved "to create a global civil society forum as a permanent forum to deal with UN institutions, the UN reform process, member states and other institutions". - 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. Attain universal primary education in all countries by the year 2015; 3. Promote gender equality and empower women; 4. Reduce child mortality; 5. Improve maternal health; 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; 7. Ensure environmental sustainability; 8. Develop a global partnership for development - show clearly how far ahead of government the advanced wing of civil society is moving - develop additional revenue sources for the UN - governments must also stop starving the UN of funds - the entire UN system ... costs $12 billion a year. This is 1/70th the amount of annual world military expenditures. - those who claim the UN is a bloated "talk shop" are either ignorant or mischievous - one of the great paradoxes of our time ... Finances are a reflection of the prevailing problem of power structures, which are the very factors continuing to shore up the culture of war. - governments, not people, run the organization - "Many countries, including some of the most powerful, use the UN as a fig leaf and a smokescreen to blur unwanted focus, to defuse political pressure, or to dilute or evade their own responsibilities. States - again, even the most powerful - often make commitments that they fail to honour." - the UN's job is not just to clean up after wars; it is to prevent them - "[The UN is] the indispensable font of international authority and the irreplaceable forum for authorizing international military enforcement." - Just because the organization cannot prevent all wars does not invalidate its work of trying to do so. The work of achieving disarmament by peaceful means rather than war must go on. - An Agenda For Peace ... recommended a permanent UN force of "peace enforcement units" - some hold that the overarching job of the UN is to keep the peace, and not legitimize or authorize (let alone make) war under any circumstances - the peace in my community is not impaired but is helped by the presence of the local police - we will see the major powers continue to wage war when they deem it in their interests to do so. As long as each of the five permanent members of the Security Council has a veto, the effectiveness of the Council will be impaired. Part III: Changing Our Attitude Chapter 7. Religions: A Reconciliation of Peoples - history shows that the true shapers of past cultures and civilizations have not been political leaders so much as spiritual leaders - we must resist this "hijacking" of ... faith - the Islamic world is offended by the West's cultural triumphalism, backed up by overwhelming military force - "it was God that mattered, not how people interpreted their experience of the divine" - should stress the things that unite - fundamentalism that has emerged in every major religious tradition as an impediment to religious co-operation for the common good - fundamentalists experience this as a cosmic war between the forces of good and evil - fundamentalists pit themselves against the secularism that drives so many societies today. In doing so, they neglect the more tolerant, inclusive, and compassionate teachings of religion - "fundamentalists have no time for democracy, pluralism, religious toleration, peacekeeping, free speech, or the separation of church and state" - fundamentalist ideologies are rooted in fear - faith communities help to shape societies and cultures through the core values they proclaim. Interfaith co-operation can make shared values more evident. Religious leaders can contribute to conciliation and mediate efforts. - Golden Rule, or the ethic of reciprocity ... as the most concise and general principle of ethics - differences must not be allowed to obscure our much more significant commonalities - religious communities are the largest and best-organized civil institutions in the world today, claiming the allegiance of billions of believers. They are uniquely equipped to meet modern challenges: resolving conflicts, ... - "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow men. That is the entire Law; all the rest is commentary." The Talmud - religion must inspire the state. It must do this not through triumphalism, but through humility - the crisis of our time requires religions to speak to the consciences of humanity with a message of unity. We have one destiny. We live or die together in the struggle for peace. - Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic - there will be no survival without a world ethic, no world peace without peace between the religions, and no peace between the religions without dialogue between the religions - History has shown that: A better global order cannot be created or enforced by laws, prescriptions, and conventions alone; The realization of peace, justice, and the protection of Earth depends on the insight and readiness of men and women to act justly; Action in favour of rights and freedoms presumes a consciousness of responsibility and duty, and that therefore both the minds and hearts of women and men must be addressed; Rights without morality cannot long endure, and that there will be no better global order without a global ethic. - The Preamble of the Declaration of a Global Ethic ... (see book for list) - by a global ethic, I mean a fundamental consensus of binding values, irrevocable standards, and personal attitudes. Without such a fundamental consensus on an ethic, sooner or later every community will be threatened by chaos or dictatorship, and individuals will despair. - "What you wish done to yourself, do to others!" The Golden Rule put in positive terms - no one has the right to physically or psychologically torture, injure, much less kill, any other human being - where extreme poverty reigns, helplessness and despair spread. Where power and wealth are accumulated ruthlessly, feelings of envy, resentment, deadly hatred, and rebellion inevitably well up in the disadvantaged and marginalized. This leads to a vicious circle of violence and counter-violence. - the media today are duty bound to objectivity, fairness, and the preservation of human dignity; they have no right to manipulate public opinion or distort reality. Political leaders, when they lie in the faces of their people, forsake their credibility and deserve to lose their offices. - World Conference on Religion and Peace - religious leadership in the movement for peace must begin with the reconciliation of the religious institutions themselves - in our secular society, such religious affirmations are compartmentalized - must ... become emboldened to present the framework for a new global ethic to modern society in the sure knowledge that secularism, for all its technological prowess, has robbed the human soul of meaning. - waging a war against secularism is not the answer. Rather, what the world urgently needs is sharing and communicating the insights into the human condition from as many different perspectives and traditions as possible - join in a common global ethic - "We believe that all humanity could uphold the core values of respect for life, liberty, justice and equity, mutual respect, caring, and integrity." - chief among these values is a respect for life and its corollary, non-violence - the quality of life in any society depends to a great extent of the degree to which its members accept a duty to care for their neighbours - Global Charter of Civil Society ... rights ... responsibilities ... (see book for list) - secular humanism - Today, religious leadership, in a spirit of humility and service, should take the first step and, with a united voice, loudly proclaim support for the UN global strategies of disarmament, development, equity and justice - these elements are the basis for the culture of peace - the preservation of the planet must be assured as a first step in the expression of our love for God - the one world in which we live has a chance for survival only if there is no longer any room in it for spheres of differing, contradictory, and even antagonistic ethics. "This one world needs one basic ethic. ... need some norms, values, ideals and goals to bring it together and to be binding on it." - reconciliation is the highest form of dialogue - reconciliation demands that we seek peace with ourselves first - the terrorists, the irresponsible politicians, and the bigots may well be active and vociferous, but they certainly are a minority. they are prominent because their strong suit is destruction, which takes little time and marginal courage. To build, to discover, and to strive for achievements that will benefit all human beings takes more courage, more effort, and more time. Chapter 8. Education:A "Weapon" for Peace - Peace is a wonderful word with a sublime meaning, yet our society as a whole is afraid to embrace it, to nourish it, to celebrate it, and to rejoice in the wholeness of our humanity that peace represents. - we shun the idea of making peace education compulsory for all children - the best, if not the only, way to bring this about is through education - today's security dilemmas are too multifaceted to be left in the hands of an elite few - people at all levels need to be empowered to assess and evaluate the possibilities for change - this can be accomplished, but only if governments, communities, and individuals take the culture of peace to heart and mind - transmit knowledge about the key peace education themes of co-operation, conflict resolution, non-violence, human rights, social justice, world resources, global environment, and multicultural understanding - education ... is a very big subject that goes far beyond the classroom - the definition (of peace education) I favour is this: " ... teaching encounters that draw out from people their desires for peace and provide them with non-violent alternatives for managing conflicts, as well as the skills for critical analysis of the structural arrangements that legitimate and produce injustice and inequality." Ian Harris and John Synott - Some of the attitudes evoked by peace education include: Curiosity, both intellectual and cultural; Appreciation of diversity, receptivity to new perspectives, and a sense of commonality of humankind's needs, rights, aspirations, and talents; Concern for justice, commitment to equality; Tolerance of uncertainty, conflict and change; Capacity for creativity, risk taking, and thinking in images and symbols; World awareness, holistic thinking, and a respect for life forms and their place in the web of life. - objectives in fostering integrated thinking: 1. To learn how to think rather than what to think about issues; 2. To develop critical thinking skills in an informed citizenry; 3. To deepen understanding of the multiple factors at the local, national, regional and global levels that either foster or undermine peace; 4. To encourage attitudes and actions which promote peace; 5. To convey relevant information and foster a responsive attitude to current and future security challenges through the development and widespread availability of improved methodologies and research techniques; 6. To bridge political, regional and technological divides by bringing together ideas, concepts, people, groups and institutions; 7. To project at all levels the values of peace, tolerance, non-violence, dialogue and consultation as the basis for interaction among peoples, countries and civilizations. - the present generation has been left ill-prepared to adapt peaceably to a globalized world demanding precisely the opposite qualities - truth, justice, love, liberty - in a world where our fate is held in common, simply learning to manage conflict within the current war system - through arms control, peacekeeping, and humanitarian assistance, to name a few examples - is not enough. We must do something more profound. - security cannot come from the barrel of a gun - to cement peace in place, a much deeper and sustained effort is needed to educate present and future generations to use non-violent means to resolve conflict - the most effective way to inspire activism, and thus change, is through learning at every stage of life - the argument in support of peace education...: In such a violent world, young people need help in relating their own lives to the violence they see around them. Often they are so distraught by violence that they cannot focus on their lessons. There already exists a solid body of research showing that college students who take conflict resolutions classes tend to address issues of daily conflict in their own lives, giving themselves a greater sense of control. Also, conflict resolution education supports the development of resilience in young people. It improves students' social and emotional competency, conflict behaviour, and academic performance. It contributes to a healthy school climate by reducing vandalism, violence, absenteeism, and failure. Young people who receive this form of peace education are less aggressive and more pro-social." Ian Harris - it is hard to quantify results - peace education promotes the use of preventative diplomacy and, thus, living peacefully on the planet. It gives young people insights into the sources of violence and empowers them to avoid and transform it. - Hague Appeal for Peace ... Global Campaign for Peace Education http://www.haguepeace.org/index.php?name=education ... Learning to Abolish War: Teaching Toward a Culture of Peace (order at http://www.haguepeace.org/index.php?name=pagetool_news&news_id=41 ) - "War and all forms of violence are interrelated, as evidenced by the culture of violence that surrounds us. War is the core institution of the present global security system, the fount from which pour forth the rationalizations for and habits of violence found in so many aspects of life." - "Enabling learners to see these possibilities and to understand these mechanisms is a primary responsibility of the field of peace education for the twenty-first century." - the world cannot continue to tolerate national states' insistence on their own rights at the expense of others - International Peace Research Association - New curricula should: 1. Assist in developing critical skills and critical thinking on the subject; 2. Take into account that disarmament and non-proliferation education is an integral and essential part of peace education; 3. Cover all levels of the education system and be adapted to the needs of the various social and economic groups concerned; 4. Take into account the special cultural, economic, and social characteristics of each country; 5. Adopt a multidisciplinary approach; 6. Highlight the human dimensions of conflict, including individual experiences from victims and survivors of war; 7. Provide a forum for dialogue on conflict reduction, which is essential for achieving the goals of peace education. - the Internet. Exaggerating its importance would be hard - The Internet is the antidote to the mainline media's fixation on the culture of war - If knowledge is power, ... the average person ... has never been so powerful - the oft-heard goal of "a computer in every classroom" could be achieved if governments put more money into the culture of peace than the culture of war - UN's Cyber School Bus http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/index.asp - The University for Peace in Costa Rica demonstrates what constitutes peace education now and what it can become in the future http://www.upeace.org/prospectus2003.pdf - two inter-related goals: capacity building (leadership training) and reform of educational systems - (UPeace Chair Maurice) Strong envisions a "peace research network" - Peace education will produce new leaders and enlightened citizens who can advance informed and responsible human security initiatives and can generate information that NGOs can use to rouse public opinion. In short, education provides the tools to achieve the goals of good governance, the culture of peace, and full participation in civil society Chapter 9. Civil Society: New Demands for a Humane World - has the potential to drive political processes everywhere toward implementing the elements of a culture of peace - civil society activism in advancing social justice has reached a new level of involvement and is now empowering millions of persons around the world in bringing forward their concerns - this is the beginning of systemic change - three trends ... First, the string of UN conferences on all major global problems ... unleashed a torrent of civic involvement that spilled far beyond traditional NGOs. Second, the growing awareness that national governments alone were not solving human security problems occurred at the same time democracy itself was spreading across the world ... And third, the explosive growth and advance in Internet technology has enabled individuals and civil society groups to co-ordinate their agendas and actions across long distances and without censorship. - "Power Shift" - The fluidity of civil society is on of its hallmarks. - states ... find NGO prodding and exposure of human rights violations annoying - states severely limit the access of NGOs - it is now physically impossible to accommodate all NGOs requesting participation in UN meetings - government delegates (whose professional lifestyle immerses them in a sort of cocoon) - NGO Forum - civil society can become the "new superpower" - annual event into a permanent organization, perhaps even established through a charter amendment - Will the day ever come when a "People's Assembly" of the UN is directly elected by peoples around the world? - civil society challenges the system itself - self-interested capitalism imposes its rule and hegemony over the most vulnerable nations and peoples - World Economic Forum, an elite meeting of world economic and political leaders held each year in Davos ... WEF has played both a symbolic and a real leadership role in shaping the global economy - activists in the global justice movement began to challenge the notion that there is no alternative to corporate-led globalization - The World Social Forum was born in January 2001, and to date three world gatherings of activists have been held in ... Porto Alegre (Brazil) ... The first gathering drew 20,000 participants; the second, about 50,000; and the third, in 2003, well over 100,000 from 126 countries - The theme of the gatherings has been "Another World Is Possible" - WSF operates in a decentralized fashion without any locus of power - Forum participants say their experience in such a joyful, robust setting offers the hope that overcoming violence, wars, subjugation, hate, and fear in the world is more than an idealistic dream - (Noam) Chomsky ... rejected the idea that the "masters of the universe" ... could control the world agenda. (Arundhati) Roy, ... said "Another world is not only possible, she is on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing." The new President of Brazil, Lula da Silva, told the cheering crowd, "I will tell the people at Davos that the world does not need war, the world needs peace and understanding." - These non-state actors and social activists transcend national boundaries and consider themselves global citizens foremost. They consider the nation state to be outmoded or insufficiently responsive to the transcending problems of globalization. Though the nation state still has immense power - it runs wars - its decision-making processes are increasingly being challenged by the emerging global civil society. - Civil society relies on "soft power", rather than hard, and it ebbs and flows - no longer can governments operate in elitist ways, making their decisions as if the masses were too unsophisticated to understand the nuances of policies - it is civil society, no governments, that is leading the way to a more human world - Two Tracks: One Message ... a choice between the two is not necessary - The clamour and pressure from without increases the opportunity of those within to be heard. Both the UN and Porto Alegre routes are needed - without a doubt, radical change in international politics is essential to reverse the present trend lines of the war culture. - The poor of the world and those being killed in the endless parade of wars need someone to speak up on their behalf. - The summation of all this work - from within and from without - puts pressure on government systems to change. - Clearly a social revolution is occurring. - Whether this new phenomenon can become a new superpower in the world, as is sometimes contended, remains to be seen. What is certain is that a new critical assessment of governments is seeping through the populace. - The mistrust of governments today is palpable. Rising civil society movements are challenging the political elitism that has caused so much discord and suffering. This free-wheeling, centerless spurt of social activism, fed by instant worldwide electronic communication, provides hope for change. Governments may seem at times impervious to change, but it is unlikely that even the most recalcitrant ones could resist much longer if civil society ever became unified and relentless in its demands for a more humane world. Conclusion: When "We the Peoples" Demand Peace - Through many parts of the world, the grandest architectural achievements ... testify to the ingenuity, skill, and toil of generations of dedicated people. - So, too, building a culture of peace requires daily dedication to fulfill the vision. We must have the patience of those who laboured on the great edifices, content just to participate without expecting to see the end product. - the time required to educate and transform sufficient numbers of individuals so that they embrace the culture of peace conflicts with the necessity of getting the job done now - we are dealing with a finite window of opportunity to resolve world issues. How then do we reconcile the fact that human beings cannot be reprogrammed instantly with the new urgencies of the culture of peace? - the list of 50 Ways To Build World Peace shows how an individual can approach large issues by small and meaningful actions (reference http://www.peace.ca/50waystobuildpeace.jpg ) - three fundamental ways that can move society from a culture of war to a culture of peace: we must understand, participate, and communicate - attitudinal change - the public as a whole ... share in visionary thinking - "Smart mobs" are the twenty-first century vehicle for people power - Many, particularly the young, are bypassing the traditional political processes precisely because they are so antiquated and incapable of solving contemporary security problems. The more direct actions of civic involvement - to express one's opinion and link with like-minded individuals across the globe - are more appealing. Today, democracy does not equal political involvement. That is a huge change in thinking that I myself have witnessed during 30 years in public life. Democracy is thriving as never before. - the "hierarchy" of political direction is coming to an end, if it is not already finished - leaders, no matter how powerful, can no longer just commit entire societies to war. The power of people, who now understand the measures available to resolve conflicts in a fair and just manner without violence, has asserted itself. - the mainline media, which, like the political structure, is still locked in a corporate mentality that regards the public as nothing more than avaricious, mentally deficient consumers - the Internet is the centrepiece of the revolution ... - the message is that we no longer need the mainline media to inform us about what is going on in the world - this does not mean that advocates of the culture of peace should ignore the mainline media. Quite the reverse. - The time has come to resist the greatest social injustice - the institution of war. For war will kill us all. The only way humanity can survive is by overcoming the culture of war. - The UN gives us the base of international law to resolve human conflict. - We have not yet reached sufficient maturity of civilization to enforce the right to peace. Governments, at least some of them, are still too strong and are able to overcome the wishes of those who have turned against war. But this situation will not prevail forever. It will give way to those who demand the right to peace. - That is why developing the elements of a culture of peace - education, sustainable development, respect for all human rights, equality between men and women, democratic participation, understanding and tolerance, free flow of information, and human security for all - is so important. - Future generations, when they have tasted the fruit of a culture of peace, will recognize almost intuitively that peace is their right. They will demand it. Our role, as the twenty-first century begins, is to nourish the seeds of peace so that the blossom appears. - The immediate goal is for every generation to ensure that there will be a following generation. The advance of civilization thus far tells me that humanity is not fated for oblivion; indeed, the new interconnected human community is a source of strength to continue building the culture of peace. I must feel this strength so that I can talk and write, in realistic terms, of achieving the human right to peace. I do feel the strength. The strength of this moment gives me hope for the future, and hope is itself a powerful motivation for action. This hope for a decent future for humanity must awaken a universal sense of responsibility. When "we the peoples" seize this responsibility, the human right to peace will be assured. Appendix: The Human Right to Peace - Declaration by Federico Mayor, Former Director-General of UNESCO, January 1997 - ministries of peace - it is time for action - we must react, each of us to the best of our abilities - what is needed, then, is to reduce the investment in arms and destruction in order to increase investment in the construction of peace - the only real education is education by example ... and love - this change ... cannot be achieved without our young people - At all United Nations conferences ... there has been a consensus that education is the key to urgently needed change in the direction pursued by today's world - to invest in education is not only to respect a fundamental right but also to build peace and progress for the world's peoples - other 'rights' have been added since 1948 ... to them should be added the right which underlies them all: the right to peace - the right to live in peace! the right to our own 'personal sovereignty', to respect for life and dignity. Key links: - the report of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htm - the Seville Statement on Violence http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf - International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise - 2003 UN Human Development Report http://www.undp.org/hdr2003 - the statement "Battle for the Planet" issued by Nobel Peace Laureates http://www.greencrossitalia.it/ita/speciali/johan/battle.htm - 2002 UN document "Global Challenge, Global Opportunity: Trends in Sustainable Development" provides a good overview of world conditions http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2002/08/13/Unreport.pdf - 1987 UN Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development http://www.disarmament.un.org/cab/docs/aconf13039.pdf - the text of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the most important arms control and disarmament treaty in the world http://www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/treaty - President George W. Bush's National Security Strategy http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html - Nuclear Posture Review (2002) excerpts http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm and an analysis http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/outwell.htm - New Agenda Coalition resolution http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/1com/1com02/res/L2rev1.html - analysis of the NATO review of its nuclear weapons policy http://www.ploughshares.ca/CONTENT/WORKING%20PAPERS/wp013.html - UN First Special Session on Disarmament (1978) http://disarmament.un.org/gaspecialsession/10thsesmain.htm - Martin Luther King Jr. biography http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/biography and collection of sermons http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/sermonsFrame.htm - David Adams' article "Moving from a Culture of War to a Culture of Peace" http://www.forusa.org/ - a comprehensive outline of the many facets of the Culture of Peace is provided by UNESCO at http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/uk/uk_sum_cp.htm - UN Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/39/a39r011.htm - Report by the Secretary General on the Human Right to Peace http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001100/110027e.pdf - explanation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child http://www.unicef.org/crc/crc.htm - Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict http://www.peacelawyers.ca/Documents/IntLawNWProfs.htm - Farewell speech by Mary Robinson gives a helpful assessment of the state of human rights today http://193.194.138.190/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/608B646C44611148C1256C31002FF3E8?opendocument - United Nations web site http://www.un.org/ - UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's "We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty First Century" http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report - Declaration and Agenda for Action: Strengthening the United Nations for the Twenty-first Century" the final report of the People's Millennium Forum http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration.htm - Kofi Annan's acceptance speech for Nobel Peace Prize http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/2001/annan-lecture.html - The ABCs of Disarmament: The UN's Disarmament Machinery by William Epstein http://disarm.igc.org/ - text of the McCloy-Zorin Accords http://www.nuclearfiles.org/redocuments/1961/610920-mccloy-zorin.html - World Conference on Religion and Peace http://www.wcrp.org/ - Parliament of the World's Religions http://www.cpwr.org/ - background on the 1993 Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic http://astro.temple.edu/~dialogue/Center/kung.htm - Ethical Globalization Initiative http://www.eginitiative.org/ - Schoolnet http://www.schoolnet.ca/ - Techeste Ahderom, Co-chair of the Millennium Forum speech http://www.onecountry.org/e121/MF_Speech_to_Millennium_Summit.htm - Noam Chomsky speech to 2003 meeting of World Social Forum http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=40&ItemID=2938 - Arundhati Roy speech to 2003 meeting of World Social Forum http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=51&ItemID=2919 - World Forum of Civil Society Networks ("UBUNTU") http://ubuntu.upc.es/pag.php?lg=eng About the Author: Douglas Roche was elected to the Parliament of Canada four times, serving from 1972 to 1984 and specializing in the subjects of development and disarmament. He holds six honourary doctorates. Canada's ambassador for disarmament from 1984 to 1989, he was elected Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee, the main UN body dealing with political and security issues, at the 43rd General Assembly in 1988. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1998. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada, Chairman of Canadian Pugwash and Chairman of the Middle Powers Initiative, a network of eight international non-governmental organizations specializing in nuclear disarmament. In 1995, he received the United Nations Association's Medal of Honour and the Papal Medal for his service on disarmament and security matters. In 2000, he received the Pomerance Award for work at the United Nations on nuclear disarmament. Roche is the author of sixteen books, including Bread Not Bombs: A Political Agenda for Social Justice (University of Alberta Press, 1999).
The Hon. Douglas Roche, O.C., is an author, parliamentarian and diplomat, who has specialized throughout his 35-year public career in peace and human security issues.
Mr. Roche was a Senator, Member of Parliament, Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament, and Visiting Professor at the University of Alberta. He was elected Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee at the 43rd General Assembly in 1988.
The author of 19 books, his latest is Global Conscience (Novalis, 2007). A previous book, The Human Right to Peace (Novalis, 2003), was the Canadian Book Review Annual Editor's Choice scholarly selection for July-August 2005.
Mr. Roche holds seven honourary doctorates from Canadian and American universities and has received numerous awards for his work for peace and non-violence, including the Mahatma Gandhi Foundation for World Peace Award (Canada) and the United Nations Association's Medal of Honour. In 1995, Pope John Paul II presented him with the Papal Medal for his service as Special Adviser on disarmament and security matters, and in 1998 the Holy See named him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. He received the 2003 Peace Award of the Canadian Islamic Congress and the 2005 Luminosa Award for Unity from the Focolare Movement, North America. In 2005, he was given Lifetime Achievement awards from both the Canadian Pugwash Group and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada.
Mr. Roche is Chairman of the Middle Powers Initiative, an international network of eight non-governmental organizations specializing in nuclear disarmament issues. He is a member of the Pugwash Council, which won the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize for its work for nuclear disarmament.
Summary of Past and Current RolesSenator (1998 - 2004) Member of Parliament (1972-1984) Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament (1984-1989) Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee (1988) Founding President, Parliamentarians for Global Action (1980-1984) International Chairman, Middle Powers Initiative Former Chairman, Canadian Pugwash (1998-2003) Former President, United Nations Association in Canada (1983-1984) Chairman, Canadian Committee, Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (1995) Former Chairman, Global Education Associates (1990-1996) Special Advisor on Disarmament and Security, Holy See Delegation to the UN General Assembly (1989-Present) Founding Editor, Western Catholic Reporter (1965-1972)
Mr. Roche was a Senator, Member of Parliament, Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament, and Visiting Professor at the University of Alberta. He was elected Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee at the 43rd General Assembly in 1988.
The author of 19 books, his latest is Global Conscience (Novalis, 2007). A previous book, The Human Right to Peace (Novalis, 2003), was the Canadian Book Review Annual Editor's Choice scholarly selection for July-August 2005.
Mr. Roche holds seven honourary doctorates from Canadian and American universities and has received numerous awards for his work for peace and non-violence, including the Mahatma Gandhi Foundation for World Peace Award (Canada) and the United Nations Association's Medal of Honour. In 1995, Pope John Paul II presented him with the Papal Medal for his service as Special Adviser on disarmament and security matters, and in 1998 the Holy See named him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. He received the 2003 Peace Award of the Canadian Islamic Congress and the 2005 Luminosa Award for Unity from the Focolare Movement, North America. In 2005, he was given Lifetime Achievement awards from both the Canadian Pugwash Group and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada.
Mr. Roche is Chairman of the Middle Powers Initiative, an international network of eight non-governmental organizations specializing in nuclear disarmament issues. He is a member of the Pugwash Council, which won the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize for its work for nuclear disarmament.
Summary of Past and Current RolesSenator (1998 - 2004) Member of Parliament (1972-1984) Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament (1984-1989) Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee (1988) Founding President, Parliamentarians for Global Action (1980-1984) International Chairman, Middle Powers Initiative Former Chairman, Canadian Pugwash (1998-2003) Former President, United Nations Association in Canada (1983-1984) Chairman, Canadian Committee, Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (1995) Former Chairman, Global Education Associates (1990-1996) Special Advisor on Disarmament and Security, Holy See Delegation to the UN General Assembly (1989-Present) Founding Editor, Western Catholic Reporter (1965-1972)
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Third generation human rights
Another categorization, offered by Karel Vasak, is that there are three generations of human rights: first-generation civil and political rights (right to life and political participation), second-generation economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third-generation solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean environment). Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political recognition. Some theorists discredit these divisions by claiming that rights are interconnected. Arguably, for example, basic education is necessary for the right to political participation.
posted by Hajj Muhammad Legenhausen at 11:13 AM
